How paternity can be established?

When a contact or maintenance request is made, the response is sometimes to deny paternity. DNA testing (https://www.gov.uk/get-dna-test) now provides a quick and reliable way of establishing who is the father of a child, but it can only be carried out if the parent with responsibility for a child agrees for samples to be taken. If testing is refused, a court can make a presumption of paternity in certain circumstances.